Re: 3000 sq ft 1890's Victorian in Central NY

Stone? Brick? Wood?  If you have hollow walls you can have cellulose (recyled paper) blown in through 1 inch holes drilled from either inside or out, at top of each stud cavity - and fill up the attic.

Contractors who do this for a living buy the product for less than anyone else, and can often put it in for less than you can rent the blower machines yourself. They make their money on retailing the product.  Most will allow you to do the prep - drill the holes and fit the vent extensions in the attic, and credit your contribution.  You then have to plug the holes and ensure that you have a good coat of latex paint for a vapour barrier.

This should probably have been your first upgrade. If it cuts your heating bill in half, which I suspect it will, it will pay for itself PDQ.

Call in local insulation contractors and ask for quotations.  Heat rises so it escapes from buildings proportional to the insulation levels indicated on national building codes.  Most through the attic, less through the walls, less again through the basement.

If you can't afford anything else, lay insulation batts in the attic.  The greatest return on investment with insulation is in the first inch installed, but a well insulated house can not be heated if you leave the door open.  You lose most heat through the one part that has no insulation.  

With high ceilings, it is easier to maintain livable temperatures by running the furnace fan continuously.  It prevents stratification and averages the temperature in the rooms.  This can be costly and irritating unless your fan can be run at slow speed. Two speed fans are usually 1/3 HP fast and 1/5 HP on slow.  Choose a two speed if possible.